Over the past few years, we have witnessed renewed debate on the identity of “old” French Canada. Many interpretations oppose one another and postulate distinct approaches regarding the future of francophonie in a minority setting. This debate has given rise to two major trends or schools of thought which have distinguished themselves in the Francophone minority setting : the postnationalist school associated with the University of Toronto and the works of Monica Heller and Normand Labrie, and the French-Canadian neonationalist school found in the works of Martin Meunier at the University of Ottawa and Joseph-Yvon Thériault at Université du Québec à Montréal. For the former scholars, the reference to French Canada refers to a bygone era. It recalls a genealogical discourse, potentially conservative and backward-looking. For the latter scholars, the representation of French Canada in a Francophone minority setting attests rather to a national ambition which refuses to disappear. This article looks at the confrontation between these two schools of thought. The article illuminates a part of the identity debate, but the opposition between these two schools might be more artificial than we are generally inclined to believe.