La Common Law en français. Étude juridique et linguistique de la common law en français au Canada
Year:
1991
Author :
Volume and number:
, 43
Collection:
, 1
Journal:
, Revue internationale de droit comparé
Pages :
, 7-56
Abstract
Au Canada, depuis déjà plus d'un siècle, la Common Law et le Droit Civil sont pratiqués en langues anglaise et française. Cette étude décrit et analyse les motifs historiques, politiques, sociologiques, linguistiques et juridiques de ce phénomène. Historiquement, les couples Common Law - langue anglaise et Droit Civil - langue française ne sont ni anciens, ni universels. Les contraintes sociologiques et politiques qui imposent la nécessité de pratiquer les deux systèmes juridiques dans les deux langues, établissent également les paramètres de l'expérience. Le fondement théorique et pratique de la Common Law en français et du Droit Civil en anglais est la distinction entre les problèmes de traduction (passage d'une langue à une autre dans le même système juridique) et les problem.es de transposition (passage d'un système juridique à un autre, dans la même langue ou bien d'une langue à une autre). Les techniques de traduction et de transposition sont fournies par l'étude des lexiques et des syntaxes juridiques de chaque langue, ainsi que par la mise en œuvre de la sémantique et de la pragmatique juridiques. Ceux et celles qui ne sont pas habitués aux modes d'expression particuliers de la CLEF ou du DCA peuvent être un peu dépaysés, mais le principe de l'égalité des langues officielles donne à la Common Law en français et au Droit Civil en anglais la force de la loi. La valeur de l'expérience canadienne est d'être exemplaire : puisque les idées juridiques ne sont pas esclaves des langues, il est possible de faire du droit comparé sans connaître une langue étrangère, et on peut aussi faire connaître son propre système juridique dans d'autres langues. D'où la nécessité de prévoir des politiques nationales de la traduction juridique.
In Canada, for over a century Common Law and civil law hâve both been practiced in french and english. The following text describes and analyses the historical, political, sociological, linguistic and legal implications of this phenomenon. Historically, the connections between Common Law and the english language and that between civil law and the french language are neither old nor universal. The parameters of this phenomenon are also dictated by the sociological and political constraints which make it mandatory to practice Common Law and civil law in both languages. The theoretical and practical foundation of Common Law in french and of civil law in english is the distinction between translation problems (from one language to the other in the same legal System) and transposition problems (from one legal System to the other, in the same language or from one language to the other). The study of glossaries and of legal syntax of each language and the use of legal semantic and of legal pragmatism provide the necessary techniques for translation and transposition. Those not familiar with the spécifie language of the CLEF or of the DCA may find themselves at a loss but the principle of equality of both official languages gives to Common Law in french and the civil law in english the same légal force. The value of the canadian experience is that it can be used as an example : since legal concepts are not bound to a particular language, comparative law becomes accessible to those not familiar with a foreign language ; furthermore one may make his own legal System known in other languages. It is therefore necessary to have national policies concerning legal translation.
In Canada, for over a century Common Law and civil law hâve both been practiced in french and english. The following text describes and analyses the historical, political, sociological, linguistic and legal implications of this phenomenon. Historically, the connections between Common Law and the english language and that between civil law and the french language are neither old nor universal. The parameters of this phenomenon are also dictated by the sociological and political constraints which make it mandatory to practice Common Law and civil law in both languages. The theoretical and practical foundation of Common Law in french and of civil law in english is the distinction between translation problems (from one language to the other in the same legal System) and transposition problems (from one legal System to the other, in the same language or from one language to the other). The study of glossaries and of legal syntax of each language and the use of legal semantic and of legal pragmatism provide the necessary techniques for translation and transposition. Those not familiar with the spécifie language of the CLEF or of the DCA may find themselves at a loss but the principle of equality of both official languages gives to Common Law in french and the civil law in english the same légal force. The value of the canadian experience is that it can be used as an example : since legal concepts are not bound to a particular language, comparative law becomes accessible to those not familiar with a foreign language ; furthermore one may make his own legal System known in other languages. It is therefore necessary to have national policies concerning legal translation.
Theme :
InstitutionsJusticePolitical ScienceSociology
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